IF the personnel manager of Procter & Gamble 60 years ago would come to life today, he would be amazed at how much the workplace had changed. He would not believe that human labor has become more uneconomical than the work output of intelligent machines.

Likewise, if the Colgate manufacturing manager in 1925 would be alive today and join forums on jobs, skills, or other national issues, he would be telling us about a pervasive fear of long ago that horses might become uneconomical compared to newly invented Ford automobiles.